Replace old value only at ‘commit’ time. There is no need to use streams (see concurrent data transfers) to overlap data transfers with kernel execution When accessing os kernel’s data, cpu will check if current user has access to kernel’s data However, the data access is speculatively executed as the same time as the hardware security check. Speculative execution is an optimization technique where a computer system performs some task that may not be needed Work is done before it is known whether it is actually needed, so as to prevent a delay that would have to be incurred by doing the work after it is known that it is needed.
So when listing data dependencies, you need to mention a, b, and the location (in this case, the register that causes the dependence) It also doesn't matter how far apart dependencies are. Suppose the ideal $\text {cpi}$ (cycles per instruction) without any memory stalls is $2$ The program exhibits $2 \%$ miss rate on instruction cache and $8 \%$ miss rate on data cache The miss penalty is $100$ cycles. Speculative execution is defined as a technique used in computing where a processor executes instructions ahead of time based on predicted outcomes, aiming to improve performance, as seen in architectures like trips and ash.
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